Last in the series exploring evolution and the origins of human life. For 200,000 years the Neanderthals lived unchallenged in Europe. But 30,000 years ago climate change and the arrival of modern humans from the east forced them to adapt or die.A skeleton of a boy found in Portugal may tell the tale of when Neanderthals and modern humans met - the Lagar Velho Boy appears to be the offspring of a Neanderthal and our own species. The sudden disappearance of the Neanderthals might not have been as final as it once seemed - our species may have assimilated some of the Neanderthals.